The Hausa state of Kano was founded in the 10th century. It was conquered by the Fulbe in 1807, becoming a dependency of Sokoto.

British rule was imposed in 1903.

Emirs

House of Ibrahim Dabo

Ruled since 1819

1855 - 1883 Abdullahi dan Ibrahim Dabo "Abdu Sarkin Yanka" 1... - 1883

1883 - 1893 Muhamman Bello dan Ibrahim Dabo, brother 1... - 1893

1893 - 1895 Muhamman Tukur dan Muhamman Bello, son 1... - 1895

1895 - 1903 Aliyu "Abu" dan Abdullahi, son of Emir

Abdullahi dan Ibrahim (s.a.), ruled part of the country since 1894, expelled by the British 18.. - 1926

1903 - 1919 Muhammadu Abbas dan Abdullahi, brother 18.. - 1919

1919 - 1926 Uthman dan Abdullahi, brother 18.. - 1926

1926 - 1953 Abdullahi Bayaro dan Muhammadu Abbas, son of Emir Muhammadu Abbas (s.a.) 1883 - 1953

KATSINA

The Hausa state of Katsina was founded in the 11th century and was conquered by the Fulbe in 1806, becoming a dependency of Sokoto.

British rule was imposed in 1903.

Emirs

House of Umaru Dallaji

1870 - 1882 Ibrahim dan Muhamman Bello 1... - 1882

1882 - 1887 Musa dan Umaru, son of Emir Umaru Dallaji

(1... - 1835 ; r. 1806 - 1835) 1... - 1887

1887 - 1905 Abubakar dan Ibrahim, son of Emir Ibrahim (s.a.), deposed

1905 - 1906 Yero dan Musa, son of Emir Musa (s.a.), deposed

House of Gidado

1906 - 1944 Muhammad Dikko dan Gidado 1865 - 1944

1944 - 1981 Usman Nagogo dan Muhammad Dikko, son 1905 - 1981

The Hausa-Fulani Dominion

On Bornu's west thrived the spectacular Hausa cultures, which by the 7th century AD were already smelting iron ore. This political and military power arose in what is present Nigeria's northwestern and north central zone. The origin of these cultures remains a mystery to western historians. But local lore holds that Bayajidda, a traveler from the Middle East, married the queen of Daura and had seven sons. Each son is believed to have founded one of the seven Hausa kingdoms: Kano, Rano, Katsina, Zazzau (Zaria), Gobir, Kebbi, and Auyo.

The seven walled city-states developed as strong economies supported by intensive farming, cattle rearing, music, soldiering and craftsmanship. For each of the seven states, an elected monarch ruled over a network of feudal lords who by the 14th century had converted to Islam.

A perhaps greater, if more subtle, threat to the Hausa kingdoms was the Fulani pastoralists. Their migration into the Hausa-dominated savanna over many centuries presented a subtle but significant threat to the Hausa states. In 1804 a Fulani scholar, Usman dan Fodio, declared a jihad (holy war) against the Hausa states, whose rulers he upbraided for allowing Islamic practices to deteriorate. Armed Fulani evangelists and warriors on horseback, with the blessing of Usman dan Fodio and, fired by religious and political fervour, overthrew the Hausa and conquered areas beyond Hausaland, including Adamawa to the east and Nupe and Ilorin to the south.

After the war, a loose federation of 30 emirates emerged, each recognizing the supremacy of the Sultan of Sokoto, located in what is now the state of Sokoto on Nigeria's northwestern flank. The first Sultan of Sokoto was Usman dan Fodio. After Usman died in 1817, his son, Muhammad Bello, took his place. With its militarily and economic might and savvy, the Sokoto Caliphate dominated the region throughout the 19th century

The Hausa consist of the Hausa-speaking, Muslim population of Northern Nigeria and the adjacent areas of Niger, which have traditionally been organized into large, centralized states. Originally, the name Hausa referred only to the language of the Habe people of this area, who were organized into 7 independent but closely related states called Biram, Daura, Kano, Katsina, Gobir, Rano, and Zazzau or Zaria. Early in the nineteenth century, the Habe states were conquered by the Fulbe (Fulani, Peul), waging a jihad or Muslim holy war under the leadership of Uthman dan Fodio. The Fulbe established the Sokoto Caliphate or Empire, which ultimately incorporated some 15 states called emirates, each headed by a ruling dynasty of Fulbe origin. The deposed Habe

dynasties of Zaria and Katsina set up new states at Abuja and Maradi and a third Habe state was established at Argunga. In these states, Habe customs survived largely unchanged by Fulbe influence.

The Fulbe rulers of the Hausa states progressively adopted the sedentary life, language, and other customs of the subject Habe population, partly through intermarriage. They are called the Settled or Town Fulbe to distinguish them from the Bush or nomadic Fulbe. Thus the term Hausa is now normally used to refer to both the original Habe population and the settled, acculturated Fulbe ruling aristocracy. It also extends to people of different ethnic origins, such as Tuareg or Kanuri, where they have adopted the Hausa language and culture.

Most Muslim Hausa are part-time farmers and part-time occupational specialists, while the pagan Hausa are for the most part full-time subsistence agriculturalists. Agriculture is scheduled around the May-October rainy season. Grain crops of millet, maize, Guinea corn, and rice supply the bulk of the diet. A wide range of additional crops, such as peanuts, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, cotton, sugarcane, bamboo, tobacco, cassava, and other root crops are grown both for household consumption and as cash crops. Uncultivated plants are exploited as sources of fuel, thatch, food, and fiber. Livestock raising is another

important feature of economic activities, and the Hausa inventory of domestic animals includes horses, donkeys, goats, sheep, and poultry.

A few cattle are raised, but for the most part the Hausa get cattle and cattle products through trade with the pastoral Fulbe. Except at the elite levels or where there is sufficient market demand, occupational specialties are pursued on a part-time basis in conjunction with subsistence agriculture.

Exchange of goods and services takes place within a cash economy. A system of markets and traders links together constituent units of the state and the state to outside groups. Small rural villages have periodic markets, while larger settlements have daily markets. At the top of the hierarchy is a central market, located in the administrative center of the state. A series of market officials oversee the activities and settle disputes within the marketplace.

At the top of the political hierarchy the Hausa are organized into states, or emirates, ruled by the emir. Emirs are selected from the ruling lineages by a council of clerics (Mallamai). After British intervention, the selection of an emir had to be approved by the British government. Emirs have the ultimate power in administrative and judicial functions of the state, and delegate lesser officials to carry out these functions. Emirs had somewhat more power in the past than they do today, however, when they appointed fief heads and more officials.

The British, by interposing a series of departments to handle state affairs, spread out some of the powers that had formerly been reserved to the emir. At present, many of the important decisions are made by the emir in conjunction with senior department heads whom he chooses. The emir, the top state bureaucrats, the two state priests, and the central market are all located in a capital city.

The Islamic religion was introduced among the Hausa as early as the 1500s, but its predominance was not fully established until the Fulbe-led jihad (holy war) of the early nineteenth century. Pilgrimages, daily prayer, attendance at mosque ceremonies, adherence to Islamic law, and the stress on Quaranic learning are major elements of the Islamic faith. Mallamai (men of Quaranic learning) teach the faith and have relatively high status in Hausa society.

The Mallamai are ranked by degree of learning and status, with those at the top of the hierarchy serving in state-level offices that combine both religious and secular powers. Individual participation in Islam is variable, the degree of adherence to Islamic practices being greater among those of wealth and power than among the poorer groups.